1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:05,420 [Birds chirping] 2 00:00:08,460 --> 00:00:10,100 Fatwa in the Prophetic era. 3 00:00:12,100 --> 00:00:14,350 Praise be to Allah ﷻ, who guided us to Islam. 4 00:00:15,580 --> 00:00:18,480 We would never have been guided had Allah ﷻ not guided us. 5 00:00:19,860 --> 00:00:23,640 Praise be to Him for making us the best nation raised for mankind. 6 00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:27,310 He sent down to us the most comprehensive Book. 7 00:00:28,220 --> 00:00:34,520 He sent us the best of messengers. May Allah ﷻ bless him and grant him peace. 8 00:00:35,880 --> 00:00:40,740 It is the office He Himself, Glorious and Exalted, assumed. 9 00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:45,780 That Allah ﷻ Himself assumed it is honor and majesty enough. 10 00:00:48,330 --> 00:00:52,660 The definition of fatwa in language is: answering a question. 11 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:59,400 In technical terms, it means conveying a ruling without compulsion. 12 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:03,920 Al-Fayruzabadi, may Allah ﷻ have mercy on him, said: 13 00:01:04,140 --> 00:01:10,520 "Fitya, fatwa, and fatwa mean what the jurist issues." 14 00:01:11,660 --> 00:01:23,600 Muhammad ﷺ, chief of men, and of the messengers, held it first. 15 00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:28,420 He would issue fatwas from Allah ﷻ through His clear revelation. 16 00:01:29,220 --> 00:01:35,980 His fatwas, peace be upon him, were comprehensive and decisive. 17 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:42,471 In this, they are second only to the Book. Obey them, apply them, and judge by them. 18 00:01:42,555 --> 00:01:52,220 No Muslim may turn away from them as long as one can refer to them. 19 00:01:53,340 --> 00:01:58,080 Allah ﷻ commanded His servants to refer matters back to Him. 20 00:01:58,860 --> 00:02:03,960 "If you dispute over anything, refer it to Allah ﷻ and the Messenger." 21 00:02:06,520 --> 00:02:13,473 In the Prophetic era, fatwas were not limited to the Prophet ﷺ. 22 00:02:13,557 --> 00:02:18,740 A number of his Companions attained this lofty honor. 23 00:02:20,160 --> 00:02:22,840 These Companions took the faith from its pure source. 24 00:02:22,924 --> 00:02:29,940 They kept to the Sharia's commands and its rulings. 25 00:02:30,920 --> 00:02:38,430 They gave fatwas as they had heard from the Prophet ﷺ, without deviation. 26 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:41,049 He was still living among them. 27 00:02:41,860 --> 00:02:44,300 In his book Al-Mudhish, Ibn al-Jawzi names them. 28 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:50,920 He listed those who gave fatwas in the Prophet's time. 29 00:02:52,540 --> 00:02:57,760 They numbered fourteen Companions, including Abu Bakr (RA) and Umar (RA). 30 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:04,540 Uthman, Ali, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Ibn Mas'ud, Ubayy, and Mu'adh (RA). 31 00:03:05,260 --> 00:03:14,100 Ammar, Hudhayfah, Zayd ibn Thabit, Abu al-Darda', Abu Musa, and Salman (RA). 32 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:18,803 Shaykh Najm al-Din ibn Qadi Ajlun summed this up: 33 00:03:18,887 --> 00:03:29,460 "In our Prophet's time, fatwas were given by the rightly guided caliphs and imams. 34 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:43,580 Mu'adh, Ammar, Zayd ibn Thabit, Ubayy, Ibn Mas'ud, Awf, and Hudhayfah. 35 00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:52,760 Abu Bakr gave fatwas with approval, and his assent therein was a distinction. 36 00:03:52,844 --> 00:03:58,670 Then Abu Musa and Salman, their scholar, and Abu al-Darda' completed the list." 37 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:10,060 The fatwas of the Prophet ﷺ stood out for their eloquence and fit their audience. 38 00:04:11,660 --> 00:04:19,700 He weighed each person's case: sometimes firm, at other times lenient. 39 00:04:20,540 --> 00:04:26,860 They were exceptionally clear, free of complexity and affectation. 40 00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:29,960 Realistic and grounded in wisdom. 41 00:04:30,180 --> 00:04:32,220 Mindful of welfare and justice. 42 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:42,080 In familiar speech, people grasp it easily, without confusion or hesitation. 43 00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:47,505 It ranges between elaboration and brevity. 44 00:04:47,589 --> 00:04:56,956 It gives detail when needed, as in subsidiary rulings. 45 00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:03,460 At times, it is general, as in major issues of creed. 46 00:05:04,180 --> 00:05:09,878 Thus the Companions absorbed the faith's broad and detailed teachings. 47 00:05:10,590 --> 00:05:14,240 They needed no extra time or further review. 48 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:22,859 Mu'awiyah ibn al-Hakam al-Sulami (RA) said this of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. 49 00:05:22,943 --> 00:05:24,940 "May my father and mother be sacrificed for him." 50 00:05:25,024 --> 00:05:28,560 "He never struck, scolded, or insulted me." 51 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:33,600 "I never saw a better teacher, before him or after him." 52 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:35,660 Reported by al-Nasa'i. 53 00:05:37,460 --> 00:05:45,440 In this paper, we present some examples of the fatwa methods of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. 54 00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:48,500 First: fatwa by revelation. 55 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:53,480 By direct revelation, as in the story of al-Mujadilah. 56 00:05:54,300 --> 00:05:57,980 Al-Mujadilah was Khawlah bint Malik (RA). 57 00:05:58,290 --> 00:06:02,800 Her husband was Aws ibn al-Samit (RA). He declared zihar against her. 58 00:06:04,044 --> 00:06:07,538 Prophet Muhammad ﷺ gave her the ruling through the verses revealed about her. 59 00:06:08,612 --> 00:06:10,212 Secondly, there was facilitation and removal of hardship. 60 00:06:10,932 --> 00:06:15,196 Aisha (RA) related this about Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. 61 00:06:15,280 --> 00:06:23,792 "Given two choices, he chose the easier unless it was sinful." 62 00:06:24,552 --> 00:06:31,132 “If it was sinful, he kept farthest from it.” — al-Bukhari 63 00:06:32,992 --> 00:06:35,572 Abdullah ibn Amr (RA) related this incident. 64 00:06:36,372 --> 00:06:40,012 He saw Prophet Muhammad ﷺ preaching on the Day of Sacrifice. 65 00:06:40,832 --> 00:06:45,592 A man rose and said, “I thought this should not precede that.” 66 00:06:46,432 --> 00:06:52,292 Then another rose and said, “I thought this should not precede that.” 67 00:06:56,932 --> 00:07:02,892 “I shaved before sacrificing.” 68 00:07:05,552 --> 00:07:10,012 “I applied perfume before slaughtering, before stoning, and the like.” 69 00:07:10,112 --> 00:07:18,312 The Prophet ﷺ said, “Do it. No harm.” That day, he said that to everyone. 70 00:07:18,652 --> 00:07:23,588 al-Bukhari, may Allah have mercy on him, narrated from Asma' (RA). 71 00:07:23,672 --> 00:07:25,652 A woman asked the Prophet ﷺ. 72 00:07:26,712 --> 00:07:30,072 “If menstrual blood gets on our clothes, what should we do?” 73 00:07:30,156 --> 00:07:34,352 He said, “Remove it, wash it with water, then sprinkle it and pray in it.” 74 00:07:34,872 --> 00:07:38,212 Asked about using seawater for wudu, he said: 75 00:07:38,672 --> 00:07:41,872 “Its water is pure, and its dead animals are lawful.” 76 00:07:42,032 --> 00:07:44,332 Third: taking necessity and need into account. 77 00:07:44,792 --> 00:07:50,632 'Imran ibn Husayn (RA), who had piles, asked the Prophet ﷺ about prayer. 78 00:07:51,132 --> 00:07:55,852 He said, “Pray standing; if you cannot, then sitting; if not, on your side.” 79 00:07:56,232 --> 00:07:57,682 This hadith is in al-Bukhari. 80 00:07:57,852 --> 00:08:01,481 Fourth: the Prophet's ﷺ approval of what two traveling Companions did. 81 00:08:01,565 --> 00:08:07,832 They found no water, made tayammum, and prayed. 82 00:08:08,252 --> 00:08:11,812 Then they found water before the time ended. 83 00:08:11,896 --> 00:08:15,072 One repeated the prayer and the other did not. 84 00:08:15,156 --> 00:08:17,852 When they told the Prophet ﷺ, he approved both. 85 00:08:18,332 --> 00:08:20,288 To the one who did not repeat, he said these words. 86 00:08:20,372 --> 00:08:23,892 “You followed the Sunnah, and your prayer sufficed.” 87 00:08:24,052 --> 00:08:26,592 To the one who repeated, he said, “You have double reward.” 88 00:08:27,012 --> 00:08:32,332 Sunan Abi Dawud. Fifth: a practical answer to the asker. 89 00:08:32,416 --> 00:08:37,572 In al-Bukhari, in the hadith of Ammar ibn Yasir (RA), a man came to Umar (RA). 90 00:08:37,656 --> 00:08:40,412 "I became junub and found no water." 91 00:08:40,496 --> 00:08:43,412 Ammar ibn Yasir (RA) said to Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA). 92 00:08:43,496 --> 00:08:46,232 "Don't you remember that you and I were once on a journey?" 93 00:08:47,072 --> 00:08:50,272 "You did not pray, while I rolled in the dust and prayed." 94 00:08:50,392 --> 00:08:53,382 "I mentioned that to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, and he replied." 95 00:08:54,612 --> 00:08:56,014 "It would have been enough for you to do this." 96 00:08:56,098 --> 00:09:06,632 Prophet ﷺ struck the dust with both palms. He blew on them, wiped face and hands. 97 00:09:10,792 --> 00:09:15,592 Sixth: kindness to one who asks, without speaking harshly to him. 98 00:09:16,372 --> 00:09:21,192 We'll stop. We'll stop. We'll stop. 99 00:09:21,532 --> 00:09:26,272 A page and a half remains. We'll stop now; the rest is in the shop. 100 00:09:29,072 --> 00:09:33,942 Do we continue, or stop? Stop. 101 00:09:35,012 --> 00:09:39,312 All right, a few points remain. Allah ﷻ willing, they'll be at the shop. 102 00:09:39,992 --> 00:09:43,812 We ask Allah ﷻ to grant success to us and to you. 103 00:09:44,512 --> 00:09:48,552 May He make this gathering blessed and what follows it protected. 104 00:09:49,232 --> 00:09:51,672 May He reward those in charge of it with goodness. 105 00:09:51,756 --> 00:09:54,552 Final prayer: Praise be to Allah ﷻ, Lord of all worlds. 106 00:09:54,636 --> 00:09:57,252 Peace, mercy, and blessings of Allah ﷻ be upon you. 107 00:09:57,392 --> 00:09:58,652 Thank you. Thank you.